The Idea of China. A Contested History

An eminent historian courageously addresses two basic, yet challenging, questions: What constitutes China, and who qualifies as Chinese? By embracing globalization, China transformed itself into a capitalist powerhouse, establishing its position as a formidable rival to the United States. Now, its leaders are turning inward, intent on quelling dissent and promoting unity. This shift has led to a more nationalist cultural agenda, celebrating a Chinese identity rooted in the legendary Middle Kingdom and a longing for the heroic struggles of the twentieth century. However, Chinese nationalism, like all nationalism, is complicated. Few in the West, and even fewer within China, realize that the concept of China itself is continuously evolving. In his expansive history, Xu Guoqi delves into the international formation of Chinese identity. "The Idea of China" outlines an identity that is always undergoing transformation. Through interactions and conflicts with neighboring countries, distant cultures, and Chinese individuals within China, as well as those in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the global diaspora, the idea of China has been continuously redefined over time. Foundational cultural elements, like Confucianism, have been brought back into China after being adapted in places like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. The notion of China has historically been, and continues to be, a dynamic process—crafted, challenged, and reshaped to meet the ever-changing needs of rulers and officials, businesspeople and thinkers, as well as friends and foes. Xu's account is both provocative and meticulous, concluding with a stark assertion: China is essentially united by a collective history. Embracing this perspective is a step toward moving beyond the intense power competitions that currently threaten global peace and stability.